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COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. This virus presents high levels of mutation and transmissibility, which contributed to the emergence of the pandemic. Our study aimed to analyze, in silico, the genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 strains in Bahia State by comparing patterns in variability of strains circulating in Brazil with the first isolated strain NC_045512 (reference sequence). Genomes were collected using GISAID, and subsequently aligned and compared using structural and functional genomic annotation. A total of 744 genomes were selected, and 20,773 mutations were found, most of which were of the SNP type. Most of the samples presented low mutational impact, and of the samples, the P.1 (360) lineage possessed the highest prevalence. The most prevalent epitopes were associated with the ORF1ab protein, and in addition to P.1, twenty-one other lineages were also detected during the study period, notably B.1.1.33 (78). The phylogenetic tree revealed that SARS-CoV-2 variants isolated from Bahia were clustered closely together. It is expected that the data collected will help provide a better epidemiological understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic (especially in Bahia), as well as helping to develop more effective vaccines that allow less immunogenic escape. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of COVID is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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This special issue on tourism in northeast Brazil includes five articles which deal with: the use of Instagram to promote proximity tourism in northeast Brazil;the visual language (images and colours) of tourism advertisements for the northeast region;the influence of time pressure on the intention to visit the destinations of Aracaju, Sergipe and Salvador, Bahia;community-based tourism in Prainha do Canto Verde, Beberibe, Ceara;and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of hotel housekeeping staff in Joao Pessoa, Paraiba.
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This work analyses changes in traffic flow and vehicle fleet segmentation from Jul-2020 to Dec-2021 in Bahía Blanca, a medium-sized Argentinian city. We obtained the data by manual counting watching videos provided by the city's security cameras. During the different stages and restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic, fluctuations appeared in the traffic flow. The motorized vehicle flow was gradually increasing during pandemic, reaching in Nov-2021 levels close to those reported in Mar-2020 (pre-pandemic). Moreover, an increase in sustainable micro-mobility (bicycles and e-scooters) was detected, as well as changes in the city's peak hours. This study provides relevant information on how urban mobility is changing. In consequence, new policies that could lead us to a people-centred and more sustainable city could be created. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Environmental Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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The purpose of this communication is to socialize the action-research process conceived and developed in the context of training teachers of the Degree in Field Education with a qualification in Natural Sciences at the Federal University of Reconcavo da Bahia (UFRB). Based on the assumptions of the Pedagogy of Alternation, Agroecology and Ethnoecology, crossed by the Covid-19 pandemic, it was possible to collectively develop a teaching project through research that resulted in the elaboration and socialization of educommunicative materials for rural schools - documentary video on the bata do bean, podcast on the agroecological management of cassava and virtual didactic herbarium, among others. The mobilization of agroecological knowledge in the context of the aforementioned project establishes a propositional dialogue, taking into account that training by area of knowledge in Field Education aims to contribute with new strategies for selecting content, which makes Agroecology and the modes of appropriation of agroecosystems essential elements for analysis, planning and pedagogical guidance.
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The growth in demand for electricity is a determining factor for the regional development. This research aimed to estimate the price and income elasticity parameters of the industrial demand for electricity in the State of Bahia, Brazil, from January 2003 to June 2022, in addition to making forecasts for the period from July to December 2022. After verifying that some of the analyzed data were non-stationary, we chose to use the cointegration method, estimating the econometric model through the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM). The ECM considers the model's variables and their lags, relating the series' short and long-run trends. The estimated parameters were inelastic and presented the following values: 0.501 and 0.762 (price and income, long-run) and 0.482 and 0.702 (price and income, short-run). The adjustment coefficient between the short and long-run was also statistically significant and indicated that approximately 8% of the difference between the effective value and the long-run value (balance value) is corrected in each period, demonstrating the rigidity of the consumption structure of electricity in the industrial sector in Bahia. The model also demonstrated an 8.1% reduction in consumption during COVID-19 incidence period. Regarding the forecasts, they proved to be robust and with an average difference of 5.4% in relation to what actually happened in the months of July and August 2022. Thus, the calculated parameters are configured as another source of information for public policymakers and private investors interested in the electricity sector in the State of Bahia.
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This article analyses food policies implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, based on legislation, budgetary data and official statistics on poverty and indigence. During the pandemic, different levels of government increased the scope of most social programs and, in particular, those aimed at guaranteeing access to food directly or indirectly became of vital importance. In Bahia Blanca, most of the public investment allocated to the health emergency was directed to the purchase and distribution of food, which reflects an important role of the local level in food assistance programs. However, despite the initiatives of the different levels of government, these were not enough to address the increase in the potential need for food assistance in the population.
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Brazil is home to the highest absolute number of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1)-infected individuals worldwide; the city of Salvador, Bahia, has the highest prevalence of HTLV-1 infection in Brazil. Due to the complex nature of several diseases associated with this retrovirus, a multidisciplinary health care approach is necessary to care for people living with HTLV-1. The Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health's Integrative Multidisciplinary HTLV Center (CHTLV) has been providing support to people living with HTLV and their families since 2002, striving to ensure physical and mental well-being by addressing biopsychosocial aspects, providing clinical care and follow-up, including to pregnant/postpartum women, as well as comprehensive laboratory diagnostics, psychological therapy, and counseling to family members. To date, CHTLV has served a total of 2,169 HTLV-infected patients. The average patient age is 49.8 (SD 15.9) years, 70.3% are female, most are considered low-income and have low levels of education. The majority (98.9%) are HTLV-1 cases, and approximately 10% have been diagnosed with tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM), while 2.2% have infective dermatitis and 1.1% have adult T-cell lymphoma. In all, 178 pregnant/postpartum women [mean age: 32.7 (±6.5) years] have received care at CHTLV. Regarding vertical transmission, 53% of breastfed infants screened for HTLV tested positive in their second year of life, nearly 18 times the rate found in non-breastfed infants. This article documents 20 years of experience in implementing an integrative and multidisciplinary care center for people living with HTLV in Bahia, Brazil. Still, significant challenges remain regarding infection control, and HTLV-infected individuals continue to struggle with the obtainment of equitable and efficient healthcare.
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Introduction: With the confrontation of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a drastic change in the daily life routines, with reflexes on the general health and impacts on the sleep quality of many Brazilians. This fact leads to a glimpse of the potential existing in virtual actions with a wide population reach, focused on health promotion and disease prevention as an alternative to minimize damage to quality of life. Objective: To disseminate safe information in a virtual environment to the general population in a simple and illustrative way about sleep health. Methods: The university extension project has been underway since October 2020 and has the participation of 10 undergraduate students from the Speech Therapy course and two advisor professors. The first stage of the project was aimed at training and updating the team, by remote means, on issues involving sleep health;in the second stage, there was the creation of a public profile on the social network and the elaboration/confection/publication of illustrative informative materials and with simple and comprehensive language (videos, posters, comics, leaflets, technical sheets and the like);the third stage featured/relies on live virtual actions focused on health promotion and prevention through lives, seminars and open classes conducted by professionals from different health areas and sleep specialists. Results: Between October 2020 and August 2021 the digital profile published 39 posts, IGTV or Reels with informative content about sleep, in addition to more than 200 stories. More than 3000 “likes or likes” were registered in the publications, 3,507 views on IGTV, 347 comments, 381 shares (of which 150 were saved by followers or visitors), 8,280 visits to the profile and 18,524 people/accounts were reached for a virtual audience of 1,731 people/following accounts located in Sergipe, São Paulo, Pernambuco and Bahia, in addition to a small percentage of Spanish, Portuguese, Colombian and German followers. It is also important to highlight that the project awakens in the students the relevance of disseminating information based on reliable sources. Conclusion: Through the execution of the project, important and safe information can be disseminated in a virtual environment to clarify, inform and popularize science with knowledge about sleep health and the prevention of its disorders to an expressive public.
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Objective: To make a comparison between countries and between Brazilian states regarding the contents of protection protocols for COVID-19 healthcare workers and to undertake a critical analysis of the prevention model that adopts the recommendation and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) as the only response to a multidimensional problem.
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Indigenous peoples in Brazil have suffered disproportionately from the COVID-19 pandemic due to limited access to an already precarious public health system together with continued attacks on their cultures, their territories and their way of life. These attacks come as part of the government's attempts to further neoliberal development and undermine environmental and indigenous rights, taking advantage of what the Minister of Environment called 'a moment of calm while the press is focusing on the pandemic'. The pandemic has intensified environmental conflicts affecting indigenous peoples, both in amplifying conflicts but also in sparking new acts of resistance and self-protection of indigenous lives and territories. Based on case studies and monitoring of rapidly evolving social media and WhatsApp posts, the researchers analyse these processes through a political ecology lens. The researchers find confirmed cases and deaths amongst indigenous peoples centred around tourism hotspots, mining sites, and other development projects. Yet the presence of these risks, and long term conflicts related to land-grabbing and resource theft linked to said development, has in some cases strengthened community ties and increased capacity for active resistance. While some Mebengokr.. (Kayap..) communities in the Amazon have fled further into the forest to maintain isolation, others have expelled gold-miners from their villages. Tupinamb.. and Patax.. communities in the Northeast have set up blockades to keep people, and the virus, out. The retomadas, or reclaiming of land, of the Tupinamb.., Patax.. and Patax..-H..h..hai in Bahia State, are a case in point: the long-term struggle to reclaim their lands has strengthened community ties and capacity for active resistance. The recent road blockades of the Mebengokr.. (Kayap..) incorporated demands for COVID-19 support into a long history of demands for compensation for the negative impacts suffered from mining and road construction in their territories. At the national level, indigenous movements, which have grown in strength and number in the fight against Bolsonaro's 'politics of extermination' and through engagement of a new cohort of indigenous youth who had access to higher education, were able to draw on social media and indigenous led court cases to help counteract the 'genocide by omission' that has been worsened by the pandemic.
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Introdução/Objetivo: No atual contexto epidemiológico brasileiro, a Chinkungya e o Zyka Vírus são arbovírus de grande circulação. As arboviroses proporcionam impactos para a saúde pública em todo o mundo devido a uma série de fatores, que vão desde a diversidade de agentes infecciosos até a formulação de medidas e ações de controle aos vetores. Este estudo tem o objetivo de descrever a situação epidemiológica dessas doenças no Brasil e sua evolução na Bahia durante o período de notificação. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, transversal realizado através do levantamento dos casos confirmados das arboviroses Zika e Chikungunya durante o período de 2017 a 2020, disponíveis no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Resultados: Entre 2017 e 2020 o Brasil apresentou maior número de casos de febre de Chikungunya (644.761) comparado a Zika (102.035). O ano que teve maiores registros de casos de Chikungunya foi 2017 (247.692) e os meses no período foram maio (134.254) e abril (111.916), com diminuição de casos nos meses novembro (16.663) e dezembro (14.122). Em relação a Zika, o ano de 2017 (32.684) apresentou uma alta no número de casos, seguido por 2019 (30.500), desse período os meses com mais notificações foram maio (15.279) e abril (14.662), havendo redução em novembro (3.459) e dezembro (3.048). Na Bahia houve 75.782 casos Chikungunya e 12.337 de Zika. As duas apresentaram maior prevalência no ano de 2020 com 46.422 e 4.692 casos respectivamente. Entre 2017 e 2020 os meses de maior prevalência de Chikungunya foi maio (14.712) e junho (13.548), enquanto novembro (1.998) e dezembro (1.320) tiveram o menor número de notificações. A Zika, manteve desempenho semelhante com números maiores nos meses de maio (1.930) e junho (1.656) e menores em novembro (471) e dezembro (272). Conclusão: Com base na análise realizada nota-se, um desvio no padrão epidemiológico com base no que se conhece acerca do ciclo reprodutivo do vetor, pois a sazonalidade das arboviroses urbanas corresponde ao período de alta pluviosidade e temperatura, o que não representa uma característica dos meses que apresentaram maior prevalência. Além disso, o aumento nos números de casos das arboviroses, em 2020 no Brasil e na Bahia pode ter sido influenciado pela pandemia de covid-19, que trouxe um cenário complexo e desafiador para a saúde do estado, com a necessidade de trabalhar em duas frentes simultâneas, buscando deter a proliferação de arboviroses e, ao mesmo tempo, o coronavírus.
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Introdução: No mundo foram descritas aproximadamente 1.500 espécies de escorpiões pertencentes a 18 famílias, a maioria das espécies perigosas pertencem à família Buthidae, incluindo os Tityus na América do Sul. Existem três espécies de escorpião com maior importância epidemiológica no Brasil: Tytius serrulatus, Tityus bahiensis e Tityus stigmurus. O Tityus serrulatus é encontrado nos estados da Bahia, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Espírito Santo, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro e Goiás;o Tityus bahiensis ocorre nas regiões Sul e Sudeste;e o Tityus stigmurus predominante na região Nordeste. A picada do escorpião libera toxinas que agem estimulando a liberação de neurotransmissores do sistema nervoso autônomo, causando dor intensa no local com irradiação pelo membro afetado, náuseas, vômitos, salivação, arritmia cardíaca e alterações respiratórias. Conforme a sintomatologia as formas clínicas são classificadas em leve, moderada e grave. Metodologia: Esta revisão de literatura foi embasada nas fontes de pesquisa da Google scholar, Pubmed, Fiocruz, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e levantamento de dados na vigilância epidemiológica. Resultados: Foram coletadas informações durante o período de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2020, através de dados cedidos pela vigilância epidemiológica da cidade. No período ocorreram 2124 casos de acidentes com escorpiões, com queda no ano de 2020. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: formas clínicas, terapêutica com soroterapia, sexo e sintomas mais comuns. Em relação ao sexo, a maioria foi do sexo masculino, correspondendo a 53,81% dos casos. De acordo com a apresentação clínica, a maioria dos casos foram leves, sendo 96,75% do total, seguidos de moderados (2,30 %) e graves (0,61 %). O sintoma mais frequente foi a dor no local do acidente, correspondendo a 97,08% dos casos. Edema no local da picada foi outro sintoma frequente, correspondendo a 33,70 % do total. A soroterapia foi utilizada em todos os acidentes graves e em alguns moderados, com total de 47 prescrições, correspondendo a 2,21 % dos casos. Não foi constatado nenhum óbito durante o período. Conclusão: Através do levantamento das informações no período de 2015 a 2020, ocorreram 2124 casos na região, demonstrando uma diminuição no número de casos em 2020, por provável impacto da pandemia de COVID-19. Os resultados reforçam a importância da classificação clínica adequada como medida essencial para prescrição da soroterapia, evitando a mortalidade dos acidentes.
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Background: Since 2019, we have experienced a terrible pandemic, COVID-19. Emerging countries, like Brazil, with logistical difficulties and lack of public policies, face a generalized collapse in health system. Rare Diseases Reference Centers are located distant from patients' houses. Thus, patients with lysosomal diseases, unable to travel and need to receive their recombinant enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) close to their homes. Infusion-related reactions (IRR) are uncommon;however, they can impair the treatment. Therefore, due to the impossibility of locomotion and unavailability of teams of allergists, RDD protocol were accomplished. The study aimed to describe remote points of training and protocols execution. Method: After appointments from treating lysosomal centers (TLC) diseases about adverse reactions, the following strategy was adopted: three online meetings between metabolic team and allergists to present the clinical case;lectures about adverse reactions to medications and RDD: video demonstrations off how to perform skin tests and nursing training for the use of. Two meetings were held with the families, terms of consent were applied, and a communication group was created on WhatsApp® with team leaders. Afterwards, the RDD was formulated and applied remotely, by Google Meet®. Finally, three infusions were followed up under the supervision of our center. Results:: Six patients presented immediate IRR to different recombinant enzymes: three patients with Fabry disease, one with MPS I, one with MPS II and one with MPS IV. The Allergy Center located in São Paulo, was composed of a team of allergology and health professionals with expertise in inborn errors of metabolism. The (TLC) were in the interior of São Paulo, Bahia, Pernambuco and Piauí, 300 to 1,800 miles apart. The protocols were carried out respecting the Standard 12-16 steps according to risk stratification. One of the patients, developed urticaria on the 11th step, despite the addition of premedication. Conclusion: The new Coronavirus' pandemic imposed a new reality, which include much more telecommunication. Barriers have been overcome, such as offering remote alternatives to the treatment of incurable diseases in countries with continental dimensions.